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Chapter 2
The World Wide Web and Web Servers
CONTENTS
What's the World Wide Web?
The Hypertext Concept: Web Links
Example: Thinking in Hypertext
The Web Page
The Web Site
Example: A Corporate Web Site
Hypermedia: Text and Graphics on the Web
Helper Applications
Common Multimedia Formats
Internet Services and Addresses
Internet E-mail
UseNet Newsgroups
Gopher and WAIS
FTP
Summary
Review Questions
Review Exercises
Probably the most important thing to remember about the World
Wide Web and the Internet in general is that they are global in
scale and often a very cooperative venture. Information on the
Web tends to be distributed around the world, and it's just as
easy for you to access a site in New Zealand or Japan as it is
to access Web information in your own state.
The basic reason for learning HTML is to create pages for the
World Wide Web. Before you start, though, you'll want to know
a little about how this whole process works. We'll begin by taking
a look at Web browsing programs, then we'll talk about how the
World Wide Web works, and we'll discuss some of the terms associated
with surfing the Web. Finally, we'll round out the discussion
by talking about the Internet in general and the different services
available on the Internet and how they interact with the Web.
What's
the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web is an Internet service, based on a common set
of protocols, which allows a particularly configured server computer
to distribute documents across the Internet in a standard way.
This Web standard allows programs on many different computer platforms
(such as UNIX, Windows 95, and the Mac OS) to properly format
and display the information served. These programs are called
Web browsers.
Note
Notice that the Web is composed of different sites around the world. A site is basically just a collection of HTML documents that you can access with your Web browser. HTML documents offered for viewing by Que Corporation (http://www.mcp.com/que), for instance, are organized in a site. I personally have created a Web site that people can visit to read about me, my books, and writing services.
The Web is fairly unique among Internet services (which include
Internet e-mail, Gopher, and FTP) in that its protocols allow
for the Web server to send information of many different types
(text, sound, graphics), as well as offer access to those other
Internet services. Most Web browsers are just as capable of displaying
UseNet newsgroup messages and Gopher sites as they are able to
display Web pages written in HTML (see fig. 2.1).
Figure 2.1 : Here's a Gopher site as displayed through Netscape Navigalor.
This flexibility is part of what has fueled the success and popularity
of the Web. Not only do the Web protocols allow more interactive,
multimedia presentations of information, but the typical Web browser
can also offer its user access to other Internet resources, making
a Web browser perhaps a user's most valuable Internet application.
How the World Wide Web Began
The Web protocols were first created by Tim Berners-Lee when he was with the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (also know as CERN). His initial goal was to allow other physics groups and labs to collaborate over the Internet, but others soon began implementing the protocols for their own uses.
Mosaic, the first graphical browser for the Web, appeared in 1993, at a time when there were not many more than 50 HTTP (Web) server computers running in the world.
The arrival of Mosaic and similar browsers caused an explosion in the popularity of the Web (and arguably, of the entire Internet) because of their ability to display graphics and other multimedia elements. Within nine months, the number of Web servers had jumped to over 300.
In 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was formed by interested corporate and educational entities to combine their resources and continue creating standards for the Web. The W3C continues to be largely responsible for negotiating standards and creating technology to enhance data transfer on the Web.
The Hypertext Concept:
Web Links
Unlike any other Internet service or protocol, the World Wide
Web is based on a concept of information retrieval called hypertext.
In a hypertext document, certain words within the text are marked
as links to other areas of the current document or to other
documents (see fig. 2.2). The basic Windows help engine (and many
other online help programs) uses this same hypertext concept to
distribute information.
Figure 2.2 : Typical hypertext links in a Web document.
As you can see in the figure, links can be text or graphics. The
user moves to a related area by moving his or her mouse pointer
to the link and clicking once with the mouse button. This generally
causes the current Web document to be erased from the browser's
window, and a new document is loaded in its place.
Note
Links can point to another part of the same document, in which case clicking the link will cause the browser to move to a new part of the currently displayed document.
Consider then, that this hypertext concept will affect the way
that information is presented and read on the Web. A normal printed
book (like this one) presents its information in a very linear
way. Hypertext, on the other hand, is a little more synergistic.
On the World Wide Web, this synergy can be taken to an extreme.
For instance, you might use hypertext to define a word within
a sentence. If I see the following example on a Web page:
The majority of dinosaurs found in this
region were herbivores, and surprisingly docile.
then I can assume that the word herbivores is a hypertext
link. That link might take me to a definition of the word herbivore
that this particular author has provided for his readers. This
link might also take me to a completely different Web site, written
by another person or group altogether. It might take me to a recent
university study about herbivores in general, for instance, or
a drawing of a plant-eating dinosaur done by a ten-year-old student
in Australia.
Example: Thinking in
Hypertext
For just a moment, imagine you're reading a hypertext document
instead of a printed page.
If, for instance you were reading a Web page about my personal
hobbies, you'd find that one of the things that interests me most
is private airplanes. Clicking that link might take you
to a new Web site dedicated to the discussion of personal aircraft,
including a link to Cessna Aircraft's Web site. Once there,
you could read about Cessna's particular offerings, prices, and
perhaps a testimonial offered by a recent satisfied customer.
Clicking this link whisks you away to that customer's personal
Web site, where you read his accolades for Cessna, and then notice
he's a professor at Yale, and has provided a link for more
information. Clicking the Yale link takes you to the university's
Web site, where you can see different sorts of information about
registration, classes, research projects, alumni, faculty, and
other interesting tidbits.
This offers important implications for HTML writers. For one,
you've got to take into consideration this particular style of
presenting information. Also, building a good Web site often means
being aware of other offerings on the Web, and creating links
to other people's pages that coincide with or expand upon the
information you're presenting.
The Web Page
The World Wide Web is composed of millions of Web pages,
each of which is served to a browser (when requested) one page
at a time. A Web page is generally a single HTML document, which
might include text, graphics, sound files, and hypertext links.
Each HTML document you create is a single Web page, regardless
of the length of the document or the amount of information included
(see fig. 2.3).
Figure 2.3 : A typical Web page as viewed through Netscape Navigator.
The Web page in figure 2.3, for example, contains more information
than can be shown on the screen at one time, but scrolling
down the page (by clicking the scroll bar to the right of
the browser window) reveals the rest of that particular Web document-note,
though, that scrolling doesn't present you with a new Web page.
Tip
Most browser programs have a text box at the top of the screen that tells you the name of the HTML document being displayed. HTML document names will end with the extension .HTM or .HTML.
The Web Site
A Web site, then, is a collection of Web pages under the control
of a particular person or group. Generally, a Web site offers
a certain amount of organization of its internal information.
You might start with an index or default page for
a Web site, and then use hypertext links to access more detailed
information. Another page within the Web site may offer links
to other interesting sites on the Web, information about the organization,
or just about anything else.
Web site organization is an important consideration for any HTML
designer, including those designing and building corporate Web
sites. The typical corporate Web site needs to offer a number
of different types of information, each of which might merit its
own Web page or pages.
Example: A Corporate Web
Site
The typical corporate Web site will start with an index page that
quickly introduces users to the information the site has to offer.
Perhaps index is a misnomer, as this page will usually
act as a sort of table of contents for the Web site (see fig.
2.4).
Figure 2.4 : This corporate index page others links to different parts of the Web site.
The rest of the pages within a hypothetical corporate Web site
will be accessed from a similar index page, allowing users to
move directly to the information they want. If users are interested
in getting phone numbers and addresses for a company, for instance,
they might click a link that takes them to an About the Company
page. If they're interested in the company's products, they'd
click another link that would take them to a product demo page
(see fig. 2.5).
Figure 2.5 : Organizational chart for a basic corporate Web site.
By organizing the site in this way, the designer makes sure that
users can get to every Web page that's part of the site, while
allowing them to go directly to the pages that interest them most.
Intranets vs. the Internet
Another use of HTML and Web technology worth talking about is the growing popularity of intranets, or Internet-like networks within companies. In the Web organizational chart discussed in this section, notice that most of the information presented is geared toward the external users.
This same technology can be applied to Web sites for internal uses, allowing employees to access often used forms, company news, announcements, and clarifications. For instance, the Human Resources department might make available job listings and addresses on the Internet, but would discuss changes to the company's health insurance policies on their intranet.
In fact, many companies are even using HTML to create "front ends" to corporate databases and other shared resources. Using a Web browser application, employees can access data stored on the company's internal network. This takes some programming expertise (usually using CGI-BIN scripts, discussed in this book), but the majority of the work is done in HTML.
Fortunately, designing intranet sites and Internet sites isn't overwhelmingly different. The skills you'll gain in this text will be equally applicable to both. The only real difference is a question of organization and the type of information you'll want to offer on your intranet-generally, it's the sort of thing that's not for public consumption.
Hypermedia:
Text and Graphics on the Web
With graphical browsers such as NCSA Mosaic and Netscape Navigator,
the hypertext concept of the Web was introduced to the world of
multimedia, resulting in the hypermedia links that are possible
in HTML.
Now, this really isn't much different from the hypertext links
we talked about in the previous section-the only difference is
that hypermedia links point to files other than HTML documents.
For instance, a hypermedia link might point to an audio file,
a QuickTime movie file, or a graphic file such as a GIF- or JPEG-format
graphic (see fig. 2.6).
Figure 2.6 : Hypemedia links are simply hypertext links that lead to non-HTML documents.
Tip
A hypermedia link can be identified by the fact that the associated file has something other than an .HTM or .HTML extension.
Because of the flexibility of the Web protocol, these files can
be sent by a Web server just as easily as can an HTML document.
All you need to do is create the link to a multimedia file. When
users click that link, the multimedia file will be sent over the
Web to their browser programs.
Helper Applications
Once the multimedia file is received by the user's Web browser,
it's up to the browser to decide how to display or use that multimedia
file. Some browsers have certain abilities built in-especially
the basics, such as displaying graphics files or plain ASCII text
files. At other times, browsers will employ the services of a
helper application (see fig. 2.7).
Figure 2.7 : Examples of Web browser helper applications.
Most of these helper applications will be add-on programs that
are available as commercial or shareware applications. The browser
will generally need to be configured to recognize particular types
of multimedia files, which, in turn, will cause the browser to
load the appropriate helper application. Once loaded, the downloaded
multimedia file will be fed to the helper applications, which
can then play or display the multimedia file.
Common Multimedia Formats
Although it seems that multimedia formats are constantly being
added and improved for the Web, some of the more common types
of multimedia files are listed in Table 2.1 with their associated
file extensions. This list isn't exhaustive, but it should give
you an idea of the types of files that can be distributed on the
Web.
Table 2.1 Multimedia Formats Common to the
Web
File FormatType of File
Extension
Sun Systems soundaudio
.au
Windows soundaudio.wav
Audio Interchangeaudio
.aiff, .aifc
MPEG audioaudio.mpg, .mpeg
SoundBlaster VOiCeaudio
.voc
RealAudioaudio.ra, .ram
CompuServe GIFgraphics
.gif
JPEG (compressed)graphics
.jpg, .jpeg
TIFFgraphics.tif, .tiff
Windows Bitmapgraphics
.bmp
Apple Picturegraphics
.pict
Fractal Animationsanimation
.fli, .flc
VRML3D world animation
.wrl
MPEG videovideo.mpg, .mpeg
QuickTimevideo.mov, .moov, .qt
Video For Windowsvideo
.avi
Macromedia Shockwavemultimedia presentation
.dcr
ASCII textplain text
.txt, .text
Postscriptformatted text
.ps
Adobe Acrobatformatted text
.pdf
Not all of these different file formats necessarily require a
special helper application. Many sound helpers will play the majority
of different sound files, for instance, and some graphics programs
can handle multiple file types. For the most part, you will need
different helper applications for the various video, animation,
and formatted text file types.
Internet
Services and Addresses
Aside from being hypertext-based and capable of transferring a
number of multimedia file formats, the Web is unique in its ability
to access other Internet services. Being the youngest of the Internet
services, the Web can access all of its older siblings, including
Internet e-mail, UseNet newsgroups, Gopher servers, and FTP servers.
Before we can access these services, though, we need to know what
they do and how their addressing schemes work.
Internet E-mail
Internet e-mail is designed for the transmission of ASCII text
messages from one Internet user to another, specified user. Like
mail delivered by the U.S. Post Office, Internet e-mail allows
you to address your messages to a particular person. When sent,
it eventually arrives in that person's e-mail box (generally an
Internet-connected computer where he or she has an account) and
your recipient can read, forward, or reply to the message.
Internet e-mail addresses follow a certain convention, as follows:
username@host.sub-domain.domain.first-level domain
where username is the name of the account with the
computer, host is the name of the computer that
provides the Internet account, sub-domain is an
optional internal designation, domain is the name
assigned to the host organization's Internet presence, and first-level
domain is the two- or three-letter code that identifies
the type of organization that controls the host computer.
An example of a simple e-mail address (mine) is tstauffer@aol.com,
where tstauffer is the username, aol is the domain,
and com is the first-level-domain. com is
the three-letter code representing a commercial entity.
This e-mail address describes my account on the America Online
service, which is a commercial Internet site. (See Table 2.2 for
some of the more common first-level domain names.)
Table 2.2 Common First-Level Domain Names
First-level domainOrganization Type
.com
Commercial
.edu
Educational
.org
Organization/Association
.net
Computer Network
.gov
Government
.mil
Military Installation
.ca
Canadian
.fr
French
.au
Austrailian
.uk
United Kingdom
.jp
Japanese
You may have also noticed that my address doesn't include a host
name or a sub-domain. For this particular address, it is unnecessary
because America Online handles all incoming Internet e-mail through
a gateway. Once it receives the e-mail, it may indeed send it
to another computer within its online service, but this is an
internal operation that doesn't require a specified host in the
Internet address.
Consider todd@lechery.isc.tamu.edu. This is an address
I had a few years ago when I worked at Texas A&M University.
(I no longer receive e-mail at this address.) Notice how it uses
all of the possible parts of an Internet address. todd
is the username, lechery is a host computer (in this case,
an actual, physical computer named "lechery"), isc
is a sub-domain name that represents the computers in the Institute
for Scientific Computation, tamu is the domain name for
all Internet-connected computers at Texas A&M University,
and edu is the three-letter code for educational,
which is the type of organization that Texas A&M is considered
to be on the Internet.
When is a Host a Server?
The Internet community uses the words host and server when talking about the type of computers you'll encounter. But what do these names mean?
I like to use the analogy of a party. At a party, a host or hostess will welcome you into his or her home and point you to the various things you can do at the party. He or she will show you where to put your coat, point you to the refreshments, and tell you about their home.
Now, depending on how large or lavish the party is, you may also have servers. Servers will perform more specific tasks, like bringing you beverages or food, opening the door, taking your coat, or moving furniture around. At a small party, the host may act as a server. At a larger party, the host will coordinate the servers.
That's how hosts and servers work on the Internet. A host computer is generally a computer that allows its local users to gain access to Internet services. It may also allow other users to gain access to information in its organization.
Depending on the size of the organization's Internet site, however, the host often doesn't serve that information itself. Instead, it relies on server computers that have more specific functions, like serving HTML documents, serving shareware programs, or serving UseNet news. These servers will be accessed through the host, though, so it's really only important to know the host's address on the Internet-just like in the real world.
UseNet Newsgroups
The next Internet service we'll talk about is UseNet newsgroups.
These are the discussion groups on the Internet, where people
gather to post messages and replies on thousands of topics ranging
from computing to popular entertainers, sports, dating, politics,
and classified advertising. UseNet is a very popular Internet
service, and most Web browsers have some built-in ability to read
UseNet discussion groups.
Note
Although you'll hear the word "news" a lot when you talk about UseNet, there isn't an overwhelming number of newsgroups that offer the kind of news you expect from a newspaper or CNN. In general, UseNet is comprised of discussion groups like the forums on CompuServe or the message areas on America Online.
Like Internet e-mail, UseNet discussion groups have their own
system of organization to help you find things. This system uses
ideas and syntax that are similar to e-mail addresses, but you'll
notice that UseNet doesn't require that you find specific hosts
and servers on the Internet-just a particular group. UseNet newsgroup
names use the following format:
first-level name.second-level.third.forth...
The first-level name indicates the type of UseNet
group this is, the second narrows the subject a bit, and the address
continues on until it more or less completely describes the group.
For instance, the following are both examples of UseNet newsgroup
addresses:
co.general
comp.sys.ibm.pc.misc
The first-level name co means this is a local UseNet group
for the Colorado area, and general shows that it's for
discussion of general topics. comp is a common first-level
name that suggests this is an internationally available newsgroup
about some sort of computing issue (see Table 2.3). The other
levels of the name tell you more about the group.
Table 2.3 Common UseNet First-Level Newsgroup
Names
First-Level NameDescription
altAlternative groups
bizBusiness issues
clariClarinet news stories
compComputing topics
miscOther general discussions
newsGeneral news and help about UseNet
recRecreational topics
sciScientific discussions
socSocial issues
talkDebate-oriented groups
Gopher and WAIS
Gopher has been described as the poor man's Web, and it's definitely
true that Gopher is a precursor to some of the Web's capabilities.
Gopher is a system of menu items that link sites around the world
for the purpose of information retrieval. This isn't a hypertext
system like the Web, but it is similar to the Web in that it's
designed for document retrieval (see fig. 2.8).
Figure 2.8 : Accessing Gopher menus with TurboGopher for Mac.
While Gopher can only offer access to text files and allow you
to download files using the FTP protocol, it is still used occasionally
by academic, government, and similar sites. Fortunately, your
Web browser can easily offer Gopher access too, so there's no
need to have a separate application.
WAIS, or Wide Area Information Servers, are basically
database servers that allow you to search databases that are attached
to Gopher menus. Library databases, academic phonebooks, and similar
information are kept in WAIS systems.
Gopher and WAIS both generally require that you have the exact
address of the Gopher server available to you. These addresses
are in the following form:
host.sub-domain.domain.first-level domain
This works essentially like an e-mail address without a username.
All the Gopher application needs to know is the exact Internet
location of the Gopher server computer you'd like to talk to.
An example might be marvel.loc.gov. This takes you
to a Gopher menu for the Library of Congress.
FTP
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the Internet service that
allows computers to transfer binary files (programs and documents)
across the Internet. This is the uploading/downloading
protocol that you might use to obtain copies of shareware or freeware
programs, or that might be useful for downloading new software
drivers from a particular computer hardware company.
Using a model identical to the Gopher system, FTP addresses use
the following format:
host.sub-domain.domain.first-level domain
Like Gopher addresses, an FTP address is simply the Internet address
of a particular host computer. In fact, the same host address
can be used to serve you both Gopher documents and FTP file directories,
based on the type of protocol your access software requests. The
following example is the FTP address for downloading support and
driver files for Apple Macintosh computers and Apple-created Mac
and Windows software:
ftp.support.apple.com
In most cases, FTP connections also require some sort of login
procedure, which means you'll need a username and password from
the system administrator to gain access. The majority of public
FTP sites, however, are anonymous sites, which allow anyone access
to their files. For these sites, the username is generally anonymous,
and you're asked to enter your e-mail address for the system's
password.
Note
Many Web browsers can access only anonymous FTP sites. You may still need a dedicated FTP program to access FTP sites that require an account username and password.
Summary
The World Wide Web is the youngest and most unique of the Internet
services. Its protocols allow it to transmit both text and multimedia
file formats to users, while also enabling Web browsers to access
other Internet services. The Web is based on a concept called
hypertext, which means that text within the paragraphs on a Web
page is designed to act as links to other Web pages. There is
no hierarchy on the Web, which is only loosely organized by this
system of links.
Other services that can be accessed via the Web include Gopher,
WAIS, UseNet, e-mail, and FTP. Each of these older Internet services
has its own scheme for formulating addresses. Most of these services
require a server computer of some sort to allow Internet applications
to access their information. These server computers have specific
addresses on the Web which you need to know in order to contact
them.
Review
Questions
The Web protocols are considered flexible by Internet standards.
Why?
What does hypertext mean? Where else might the typical
computer user encounter hypertext?
True or false. Hypermedia links are hypertext links to newswire
stories.
What makes a Web site different from a Web page?
What is the purpose of having helper applications?
Why are file extensions important to Web browsers?
Among UseNet, Internet e-mail, Gopher, and FTP, what two Internet
services use similar addressing schemes?
What should you enter as the password to an anonymous FTP
Site?
Review
Exercises
If you have an Internet account or an account with an online
service, use your e-mail address to determine your service's domain
name and first-level domain.
If you have an FTP application, see if your ISP offers an
FTP site. Try the address: ftp.ispdomain.first-level
domain. An example might be ftp.service.net.
Using your Web browser, attempt to connect to a Gopher address
like marvel.loc.gov. What happens?
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